Is Murder morally Justifiable??

১৮৮৪ সাল। চারজন ইংরেজ নাবিক সিদ্ধান্ত নিলো যে তারা দক্ষিন আটলান্টিকের উদ্দেশ্যে যাত্রা করবে। বলে রাখা ভাল, তাদের সাথে যাত্রাসঙ্গী ছিলো আরও একজন- একজন এতিম কেবিন বয়।

ভূখন্ড থেকে যাত্রা শুরুর সময় আকাশে কোন বিপদের লক্ষণ ছিলোনা। তাদের জাহাজ নিরাপদেই মাঝ সমুদ্রের দিকে এগিয়ে যেতে থাকল। অানুমানিক একহাজার কিলোমিটার দূরে আসার পর আটলান্টিকের আকাশ কালো হয়ে ভয়ানক মূর্তি ধারণ করলো। প্রচন্ড ঝড়ে জাহাজটি ডুবে না গেলেও এটি পথ হারিয়ে দক্ষিণে চলে আসলো; জায়গাটি আটলান্টিকের এতই দক্ষিণে ছিলো যে অন্য কোন জাহাজের সাহায্য ছাড়া তাদের বেঁচে থাকাই অসম্ভব হয়ে দাঁড়ালো, ফিরে যাওয়া কথা বলাই বাহুল্য। 

দেখতে দেখতে ১৫ দিন কেটে গেলো। সাথে যে খাবার ছিলো তাও ফুরিয়ে গেলো। উপোস করে আরো ৩ দিন গেলো। এতদিনেও উদ্ধারকারী কোন জাহাজের হদিস না পেয়ে সবাই প্রায় মানসিক ভাবেও ভেঙ্গে পড়তে শুরু করলো। সেইসাথে ক্ষিদের তীব্রতা তো আছেই। 

এরমধ্যে ঘটে আরেক কান্ড। সকলের নিষেধ উপেক্ষা করে কেবিন বয় সমুদ্রের লবনাক্ত পানি পান করে ফেলে। অল্পক্ষনেই তার শারীরিক অবস্থার অবনতি হতে শুরু করে। জাহাজে তখন সবার এমন অবস্থা যে কেবিন বয়ের জন্য সহানুভূতি ছাড়া চার নাবিকের আসলে কিছুই করার ছিলোনা৷ কারণ, শারিরিক ও মানসিকভাবে তারা এতই দুর্বল হয়ে পড়েছিলো যে সবাই ধরেই নিয়েছিলো এভাবেই একজন একজন করেই সবাই মারা যাবে। নাবিকদের মধ্যে জোষ্ঠ নাবিক সবার সাথে আলোচনা করলেন যে কোন সারভাইভালের কোন উপায় আছে কিনা? এবং তিনি এটিও সাজেস্ট করলেন যে কেবিন বয়ের মৃত্যু যেহেতু মোটামুটি নিশ্চিত; তাই তাকে হত্যা করে বাকি চারজন আরও কিছুদিন বেঁচে থাকতে পারে- তার রক্ত-মাংসে ক্ষুধা নিবারণের একটা ব্যবস্থা হতে পারে। খাবারের অভাবে সম্ভাব্য মৃত্যুপথযাত্রী বাকি তিন নাবিকের কাছে এতে সম্মত হওয়া ছাড়া কোন উপায় ছিলোনা।

 

এ বিষয়টি যখন কেবিন বয়কে জানানো হলো তখন তার আর মৃত্যুর মধ্যে দূরত্ব ছিলো মাত্র কয়েক ঘন্টা। লবণাক্ততার তীব্রতায় আসন্ন মৃত্যু জেনে কেবিন বয় বাকি চারজনের এ সিদ্ধান্তে আর বাধা দিতে পারেনি। ফলশ্রুতিতে, কেবিন বয়ের শরীর তাদের খাবারের অভাব সাময়িকভাবে পূরণ করে। ঠিক ১৯ দিনের পর ইউরোপ অভিমুখী একটি জাহাজ তাদের উদ্ধার করে৷

 

ব্রিটেনে ফিরে যাবার পর আদালত তাদের কাছে জানতে চায়, কেবিন বয়কে তারা কিভাবে এবং কোন অবস্থায় হত্যা করে?? তাদের বর্ণনায় প্রথম জজ সন্তুষ্ট হন৷ তিনি মেনে নেন যে এটা অন্যায় নয়, কারণ ভিক্টিমকে হত্যা করা হয়েছে ঠিক; কিন্তু এতে করে বাকি চারজনের জীবন বেঁচে গিয়েছে। অর্থাৎ, তিনি বেনথামের "Greater good for greater number is morally Justified" নীতির মাধ্যমে বিষয়টি জাস্টিফাই করেছেন। সমস্যা বাঁধে যখন আরেকজন জজ সঙ্গে সঙ্গেই প্রথম জজের সিদ্ধান্তে কাউন্টার করে। তিনি বলেন, It's great to get back our four lives alive but Murder is murder-it will never be morally justified." পাল্টাপাল্টি যুক্তিতর্কের পরেও শেষ পর্যন্ত চার নাবিককে জেলে যেতে হয়েছিলো।

গল্পটি যে কমন প্রশ্নটির জন্ম দেয় তা হলোঃ

কেবিন বয়ের শারীরিক অবস্থায় স্বাভাবিকভাবেই সে মারা যেতো, তাহলে চারজন যদি সম্ভাব্য মৃতদেহ ব্যাবহার করে বেঁচে যেতে পারে তাহলে দোষ কোথায়?? যাদের মাথায় এই লজিকটি এসেছে তারা বেনথামের সাথে একমত হয়েছেন।

কিম্তু স্টুয়ার্ট মিল বলছে, চারজন মানুষের জীবন বেঁচে যাওয়া স্বত্তেও এটি মোরালি জাস্টিফাইড নয়; কারণ এটি পরিষ্কার হত্যাকান্ড- আর হত্যাকান্ড কোন কাজকে মোরাল জাস্টিফিকেশন দিতে পারেনা। স্টুয়ার্ট মিল নিজেও ভোগবাদের পক্ষে ছিলেন কিন্তু তিনি মানুষের ব্যাক্তিস্বাধীনতায় ভায়োলেট করে এমন একশনের ঘোর বিরোধিতা করতেন৷ তিনি বিশ্বাস করতেন, সমাজ যদি হত্যাকান্ড(তা যেকোন কারণেই হোক) মোরালি জাস্টিফাইড করে, তাহলে একটা দীর্ঘ সময়ে পর দেখা যাবে সমাজে খুনোখুনি বেড়ে যাবে আর সব খুনের পেছনে একটা একটা করে যুক্তিও দাঁড়িয়ে যাবে। তখন মোরালিটি বলতে অবশিষ্ট আর কিছু থাকবেনা।

বাংলা বিভক্তি ও গুজবের রাজনীতি

 ছোটবেলা থেকেই শুনে এসেছি পশ্চিমবঙ্গ, আসাম এবং ত্রিপুরা বাংলাদেশের সাথেই ছিলো। ৭১ র পর ভারত আমাদের সহযোগিতা করার বিনিময়ে এ রাজ্যগুলো আমাদের কাছ থেকে ছিনিয়ে নেয়। 

আসলেই কি তাই??

১৯০৩ সালে লর্ডকার্জনের বঙ্গভঙ্গ করার সময় বাংলা আসাম, উরিষ্যা নিয়ে একটি আলাদা প্রদেশ করার বিবেচনা করা হয়। এর পেছনের কারণ ছিলো তৎকালীন পূর্ববঙ্গ ও আসামের মানুষের নিম্ন মানের জীবনযাত্রা। উপরন্তু, পূর্ববঙ্গের অধিকাংশ মানুষ ছিলো বাংলাভাষী মুসলমান। এতে এ অঞ্চলের প্রতি কলকাতার তৎকালীন হিন্দু ধনিক সম্প্রদায়ের সুনজর তেমনটা ছিলোনা। অর্থনীতি কিংবা রাজনীতি যেকোন কিছুতেই পূর্বাঞ্চলের জনগনকে পশ্চিমবঙ্গের বিশেষ করে কলকাতার উপর নির্ভর করতে হতো। কিন্তু কলকাতার জমিদার সম্প্রদায় ও জাত হিন্দুদের সুনজরে না থাকায় এ অঞ্চলে উন্নয়নের কথা কেউ আমলেই নেয়নি৷ এজন্যই পূর্বাঞ্চলের মানুষের অনেক দিনের দাবি ছিলো তারা আলাদা একটি প্রদেশ গঠন করবে যেন পশ্চিমাঞ্চলের উপর তাদের আর নির্ভর করতে না হয়।

অনেক বিচার-বিবেচনার পর ১৯০৫ সালে যখন বঙ্গভঙ্গ হয় তখন দেখা গেলো সত্যি সত্যি পূর্ববঙ্গ ও আসামের মানুষের জীবনযাত্রায় অভাবনীয় পরিবর্তন লক্ষ করা গেলো। পশ্চিমবঙ্গের অনেক বাঙ্গালীর শিল্পকারখানা এবং বাণিজ্যিক প্রতিষ্ঠান  পূর্ববঙ্গে স্থানান্তরিত হয়। আজকাল শতবছরের পুরনো যত স্কুল, কলেজ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় রয়েছে তার প্রায় সব বঙ্গভঙ্গের কারণে হয়। তবে এ বঙ্গভঙ্গের ফলাফল পূর্ববঙ্গের জন্য সুফল বয়ে আনলেও এর বিপরীতে কলকাতার মর্যাদা খানিকটা হলেও ম্লান হয়ে পড়ে৷ তাতে অনেক হিন্দু জমিদার, চাকরিজীবী, আইনজীবী এর বিরুদ্ধে সরাসরি কথা বলতে শুরু করে। এমনকি রবীন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুর পর্যন্ত ঢাকা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় প্রতিষ্ঠার ঘোর বিরোধিতা করে। এজন্যে ব্রিটিশ সরকার ১৯১১ সালে বঙ্গবঙ্গ রধ করে। 

অর্থাৎ এতে স্পষ্ট প্রমাণিত হয়, আসামের সাথে পূর্ববঙ্গ তথা বর্তমান বাংলাদেশর রাজনৈতিক সম্পর্ক টিকেছিলো মাত্র ৬ বছর৷ তাহলে কি মাত্র ৬ বছরের রাজনৈতিক সম্পর্কের উপর ভিত্তি করে দাবি করা যায় যে আসাম, ত্রিপুরা বাংলাদেশের অংশ ছিলো??

তারপরও একটা সুযোগ ছিলো ১৯৪৭ র শুরুতে। যখন মাউন্টব্যাটেন জিন্নাহকে সোজাসাপ্টা জানিয়ে দেন যে, যদি মুসলিমলীগ ভারত বিভক্তি চায় তাহলে হয় বাংলাকেও ভাঙ্গতে হবে ; নয়তো পাঞ্জাব প্রদেশকে ভাঙ্গতে হবে। তখন প্রত্যাশিতভাবেই জিন্নাহ অখন্ড পাঞ্জাব প্রদেশের স্বার্থে বাংলাকে ভাগ করার কথায় সম্মতি দেয়।

আমি বলছিনা ভারত সরকারের প্রতি মাউন্টব্যাটেন পক্ষপাতিত্ব ছিলেনা। কিন্তু,জিন্নাহ-নেহেরু এ প্রস্তাবে সম্মতি জানানোর পরেই ভারত-পাকিস্তানের সাথে দুই বাংলাও পৃথক হয়ে যায়। 

তাহলে আসাম, ত্রিপুরাকে ৭১ এ ভারত ছিনিয়ে নিয়েছে কিংবা সহযোগিতার প্রতিদানে বাংলাদেশ ভারতের হাতে তুলে দিয়েছে এ অভিযোগের যৌক্তিকতা কতটুকু??

পদ্মা সেতু ও বাংলাদেশ

 

বিশ্বব্যাংক যখন পদ্মাসেতু নিয়ে বাংলাদেশে ১.২ বিলিয়ন ডলার ঋন দেয়ার প্রতিশ্রুতি দেয় তখন সবাই মোটামুটিভাবে ধারণা করেছিলো যে, এত বড় একটি প্রকল্প বাস্তবায়ন তো শুধুমাত্র সময়ের ব্যাপার !!  

কিন্তু আশ্চার্যজনক হলেও সত্যি, প্রতিশ্রুতির কিছুদিন পরই বিশ্বব্যাংক কানাডার কোম্পানি এসএনসি-লাভালিনের সাথে বাংলাদেশের তৎকালীন যোগাযোগমন্ত্রীর ঠিকাদারি প্রতিষ্ঠান "সাকো" র বিরুদ্ধে যোগসাজশের অভিযোগ আনে। এবং দূর্নীতির প্রমাণ পেলে প্রকল্প থেকে সরে দাঁড়ানোর হুমকি দেয়।

বাংলাদেশ সরকার তৎক্ষনাৎ এ অভিযোগ অস্বীকার করলেও বিশ্বব্যাংকের চাপে দুদককে তদন্তের নির্দেশ দেয়। কিন্তু দুদকের প্রতিবেদনে কোন দূর্নীতি প্রমাণ পাওয়া যায়নি জেনেও বিশ্বব্যাংক এই প্রতিবেদন আমলে না নিয়ে তাদের নিজস্ব সিদ্ধান্তেই অটল থাকার সিদ্ধান্ত নেয়। দেশেও গুঞ্জন উঠে দুদক সরকারের চাপে পড়ে সত্য প্রকাশ করছেনা। ফলশ্রুতিতে তদন্ত শেষ হওয়ার আগেই মন্ত্রী সৈয়দ আবুল হোসেন পদত্যাগ করেন। 

২০১০ থেকে ২০১১ র মাঝামাঝিতে দীর্ঘ ১ বছর ৫ মাস ধরে চলা এ নাটকের শেষ হয় ২০১২ সালে এসে- যখন প্রধানমন্ত্রী দৃঢ়তার সাথে প্রতিশ্রুতি দেন," পদ্মা সেতু অবশ্যই হবে, এবং বাংলাদেশের নিজস্ব অর্থায়নেই হবে।" শুধু তাই নয়, এতকিছু ঘটার পর সরকার এতটাই সংকল্পবদ্ধ ছিলো যে, বিশ্বব্যাংক অর্থায়ন না করার নেটিশ পাঠানোর আগেই বাংলাদেশ তাদের জানিয়ে দেয় যে তাদের অর্থায়নে বাংলাদেশ চাচ্ছেনা।

সেসময় এতকিছুর ঘটে যাওয়ার পরও নিজস্ব অর্থায়নে এত বড় একটি প্রকল্প বাস্তবায়ন বাংলাদেশে সরকারের জন্য ছিলো যেমন চ্যালেন্জিং তেমনি দুঃসাহসিক। তারপরও মাননীয় প্রধানমন্ত্রীর অবিচল মানসিকতায় ৩.৬ বিলিয়ন ডলার ব্যয়ে ৬.১৫ কিলোমিটারের স্বপ্নের পদ্মা সেতু আজ দৃশ্যমান। 

সবচেয়ে আনন্দের বিষয় হচ্ছে বিশ্বব্যাংকের মতো আর্থিক প্রতিষ্ঠানকে সরিয়ে রেখে বাংলাদেশ শেষ পর্যন্ত তা করে দেখাতে পেরেছে। যদিও বিশ্বব্যাংকের ওই অভিযোগ ২০১৭ সালের দিকে এসে কানাডার আদালত এ মামলার রায়ে অভিযুক্তদের নির্দোষ ঘোষণা করে বলেন যে, অভিযোগটি ছিলো মিথ্যা, ইচ্ছা প্রণোদিত এবং সাজানো। 

শুধু পদ্মসেতু কিংবা সমুদ্রসীমা বিজয়ই নয়, স্বাধীনতার অর্জনের পর গত ৪৯ বছরে বাংলাদেশ যা যা কিছু অর্জন করেছে তার প্রত্যেকটি ছিলো আমাদের জন্য একেকটা খন্ড খন্ড বিজয়। হয়তো একাত্তরে যা হারিয়েছি তার ক্ষতিপূরণীয় নয়। কিন্তু বাংলাদেশ যতবার মাথা উঁচু করবে ঠিক ততবার আমাদের মনে হবে, "আমরা পেরেছি, বাংলাদেশ পেরেছে, ১৬ কোটি মানুষের স্বপ্ন পূরণ হয়েছে।"

Book Review 7: Make Your Bed

"𝐖𝐢𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐮𝐭 𝐝𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐠𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐥𝐲, 𝐲𝐨𝐮 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐧𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐫 𝐤𝐧𝐨𝐰 𝐰𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐭𝐫𝐮𝐥𝐲 𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐢𝐧 𝐲𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐥𝐢𝐟𝐞."

-𝐖𝐢𝐥𝐥𝐢𝐚𝐦 𝐇. 𝐌𝐜𝐑𝐚𝐯𝐞𝐧

Life gets to become palatable, gets to be tougher in some days, perhaps in many hours. It is how the components of a true life flow over the days, months and years as well. The walks of life is not so easy or very difficult simultaneously. It is life which inevitably someday is to challenge our patience and strength. 

Former Navy Seal Commander 𝐖𝐢𝐥𝐥𝐢𝐚𝐦 𝐇. 𝐌𝐜𝐑𝐚𝐯𝐞𝐧 has tried to delineate the issues we confront as usual basis. He has just compared his training days in joining Navy Seal- the most renowned special force in the world-with our daily setbacks in only ten lessons. He compared how he was to respond to the setbacks, challenges, hard tasks which were given to them even more awful than we could never imagine.

Here in, A reader might be able to know how complain can't change the stream of water, how tiny things can be a catalyst to change a life completely, why one's success depends on the others, how cooperation matters in causing something happened extraordinarily. He shared through his lesson how failure can make you stronger and why you must dare greatly to make it happen. For me, I love the final two chapters- Give People Hope and Never ever Quit. Therein, readers must know about the significance of hope and how it can be conducive in their worst days if and only they stand against the boundary and determine to quit never until the dawn.  

𝐌𝐚𝐤𝐞 𝐘𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐁𝐞𝐝 was published in 2017 and before the publication, you guys will find a nearly 10 million viewed speech of the author at University of Texas,  Austin. It must ease you to be acquainted with the plot of the book and work as the book review. He detailed the chapters as shortly but meaningfully as possible he could so readers may not get bored between the excessive words.  

It is a mandatory book for those who truly prefers a steady and discipline lifestyle to random and disorganize. It might shape their thought towards their response and must help them to be the very best in the darkest moments of their lives. 

𝐇𝐚𝐩𝐩𝐲 𝐑𝐞𝐚𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠 !!

𝐑𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠𝐬: 𝟒/𝟓

Book Review 6: The Boy in the striped pyjamas

 

𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐁𝐨𝐲 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐞𝐝 𝐏𝐲𝐣𝐚𝐦𝐚𝐬 is an unusual story of the second world war. It is a 2006 Holocaust novel by 𝐈𝐫𝐢𝐬𝐡 𝐧𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐬𝐭 𝐉𝐨𝐡𝐧 𝐁𝐨𝐲𝐧𝐞 who is consisidered one of the sophisticated writers in his contemporary time. That it is based on a top sparking issue-World War II- was begun with a boy's desire and hope in fine, was ended up with a tragic history.

𝐁𝐫𝐮𝐧𝐨, the protagonist of the entire story lived at a beautiful home in 𝐁𝐞𝐫𝐥𝐢𝐧 and was the youngest member of his family, had three best friends there with whom he used to go to school and played along the days. 

𝐆𝐫𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐥, the only daughter of his family was a bit disgusting and a hopeless case to him because of her misbehaviors and reckless attitude. Their father was a top-ranked military officer over whom was the Holocaust plan was incumbent.

One day, Bruno heared their family had to transfer to another place-even a different country- for his father's job. The news shocked him tremendously thereby, he couldn't but responded to it immediately to manage his father reconsidering his decision. But all his attempts was in vain. They might as well move to the new place named 𝐎𝐔𝐓-𝐖𝐈𝐓𝐇, was mostly different from that one back in Berlin. Such differences caused new disappointments for the siblings. Initially, Bruno started to hate his father's decision as he had to left the beautiful five-story mansion home and some best friends in Berlin.

Over the times, he was likely to get used to his new home despite the things around him what he didn't like much. All at once, he saw something outside his window, something much unusual. The next afternoon, he set off walk to explore what he had seen the previous morning-a dot, a dot he might have seen. Walking step by step, closer and closer to the dot in the distance, which in the meantime had become a speck, and then began to show every sign of turning into a blob. And shortly after that the blob became a figure. And then, as Bruno got even closer, he saw that the thing was neither a dot nor a speck nor a blob nor a figure, but a person. The person is none other than 𝐒𝐡𝐦𝐮𝐞𝐥- another protagonist character of the novel with whom climax got the upper hand. Until the first conversation, Bruno didn't know that he and his new friend's birthdate and year are exactly the same. From that day, both the boys had been sharing almost every present incidents including that of back in the days to each other. It seemed the relation between two alike souls could never be apart. Nonetheless, one evening they were disappeared and found nowhere. 

𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐱 of the plot was less wavering though, but much more eye catching. Albeit it delineates a teen mind, but it would be worth reading for the young adult.

𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐰𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐬𝐭𝐲𝐥𝐞 will be convenient to the readers with no doubt. The simplicity of word choice makes it almost perfect that allows its reader to sink into the plot.

It would be an amazing reading who is likely to prioritize war fiction over the other sorts.

Happy reading!!😊

𝐑𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠𝐬: 𝟒.𝟖/𝟓

Book Review 5 : The Old Man and The Sea.

 

𝑬𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒚 𝒅𝒂𝒚 𝒊𝒔 𝒂 𝒏𝒆𝒘 𝒅𝒂𝒚. 𝑰𝒕 𝒊𝒔 𝒃𝒆𝒕𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒕𝒐 𝒃𝒆 𝒍𝒖𝒄𝒌𝒚. 𝑩𝒖𝒕 𝑰 𝒘𝒐𝒖𝒍𝒅 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓 𝒃𝒆 𝒆𝒙𝒂𝒄𝒕. 𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒍𝒖𝒄𝒌 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒔 𝒚𝒐𝒖 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒅𝒚.” --𝑬𝒓𝒏𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝑯𝒆𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒘𝒂𝒚, 𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝑶𝒍𝒅 𝑴𝒂𝒏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑺𝒆𝒂

It is hard to find someone who atleast never have heard the name of Hemingway's astonishing literary works. As of 1952, when the book was published, it brought him a tremendous success with so many international prizes including Nobel prize in Literature.

The book is all about an old man, 𝐒𝐚𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐚𝐠𝐨 who used to fish in the heart of the sea ; a young boy,  𝐌𝐚𝐧𝐨𝐥𝐢𝐧, was a trainee and a companion of the old man ; a big, beautiful fish called 𝐌𝐚𝐫𝐥𝐢𝐧.

𝐒𝐚𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐚𝐠𝐨 used to sail towards the sea in every sunrise with the boy for fishing. That year, earlier on summer, Fortune didn't favor him much. Consequently, he had to go without any fish for months. It took exactly 85 days for God to smiled at his fortune. And he managed to hook a huge 𝐌𝐚𝐫𝐥𝐢𝐧 fish that was too heavy to handle for him.

In fine, after three days of circling the skiff over and over, the fish seemed flimsy. It facilitated 𝐒𝐚𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐚𝐠𝐨'𝐬 job to be done. But with surprises, it didn't eliminate his troubles and sufferings all the way. Whereas he hooked the fish with a harpoon, it hit the fish extremely that led the blood pulled-out across the skiff. After a while, several monstrous sharks appeared periodically, later on they mutilated the fish almost entirely except the bone which was taken to the shore. 

Surviving the days and nights in the heart of the sea where dangers were outstretched out everywhere, was not facile. Whenever troubles began to play, he motivated himself. He was likely to be less mindful for his pain than his desires. 

The 𝐖𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐬𝐭𝐲𝐥𝐞 of the book is partly different from the other modern literary works because of its simplicity-wrapping a big image in a single bundle.  One thing which could bother its reader, is its literary words related to fishing. Hence, It might not deflect attention. 

Without doubt, The book is highly reccomended for its nomination in the list of 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝐦𝐮𝐬𝐭 𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐝 𝐛𝐨𝐨𝐤 𝐢𝐧 𝐚 𝐥𝐢𝐟𝐞𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐞. Now, if that is not exciting then, i don't know what it is left to be used to persuade.

Happy reading!! 😊

𝐑𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠𝐬: 𝟒.𝟒/𝟓

Book Review 4: The Last Girl-Nadia Murad

 

𝑰 𝒘𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒕𝒐 𝒃𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒕 𝒈𝒊𝒓𝒍 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒍𝒅 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒂 𝒔𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒚 𝒍𝒊𝒌𝒆 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒆- 𝑵𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒂 𝑴𝒖𝒓𝒂𝒅

That is the eventual quotation--has not been taken from an conventional story we used to go through. Indisputably, the autobiography is all about the sufferings of an victimized girl named 𝐍𝐚𝐝𝐢𝐚 𝐌𝐮𝐫𝐚𝐝 who let the entire world hear her own captivity and fighting against 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐈𝐬𝐥𝐚𝐦𝐢𝐜 𝐒𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐞 militant alongside so many others, leaves tremendous significance. 

𝐍𝐚𝐝𝐢𝐚 𝐌𝐮𝐫𝐚𝐝, an 𝐈𝐫𝐚𝐪𝐢 𝐘𝐚𝐳𝐢𝐝𝐢 𝐡𝐮𝐦𝐚𝐧 𝐫𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐢𝐬𝐭, has been working in an organization dedicated to " helping women and children victimized by genocide and mass atrocities, for years and is now resided in 𝐆𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐧𝐲. That seems a trouble-free life for a girl of 27 years old. But back in her past, the walking was as convoluted as it is paved now or It began with the way that contrast what she have now in Germany. 

In 2003, 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐔𝐒 𝐥𝐞𝐝 𝐦𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐚𝐫𝐲 invaded Iraq, wreaked 𝐒𝐚𝐝𝐝𝐚𝐦'𝐬 regime all the way. Back in 1980s, when Saddam's dictatorship had started to be outstretched, 𝐊𝐨𝐜𝐡𝐨- a small village which was an inhabitants of some minor religious people called 𝐘𝐚𝐳𝐢𝐝𝐢-were targeted for several intended oppressions led by his 𝐁𝐚𝐭𝐡 𝐏𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐲. Before the invasion, that Party had tried to destroy that minor Yazidis not less than 𝐒𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐫𝐞𝐞 times. 

As of that time, with the assistance of coalition forces the religious conflict seemed to be dwindled initially. However, the situation had been morphed shortly and the golden days of entire 𝐈𝐫𝐚𝐪 fleed away within a glance.

In 2014, ISIS approached in 𝐈𝐫𝐚𝐪 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐲𝐫𝐢𝐚 and started out to spread their unethical ideology away to annihilate the lives of 𝐍𝐨𝐧-𝐦𝐮𝐬𝐥𝐢𝐦 community like Yazidis even the 𝐒𝐡𝐢𝐢𝐭𝐞 𝐌𝐮𝐬𝐥𝐢𝐦 who defy against 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐈𝐒𝐈𝐒. The planned suppression, kidnapping, rape and mass killings by 𝐈𝐬𝐥𝐚𝐦𝐢𝐜 𝐒𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐞 militants across the whole region--were unlikely to be seen before in century. No inhabitants like 𝐍𝐚𝐝𝐢𝐚 would ever believe until 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐈𝐒𝐈𝐒 had just initiated their schematic actions only for religious discrepancies. 

The plot is all about the post war in 𝐈𝐫𝐚𝐪 and rise of the 𝐂𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐡𝐚𝐭𝐞 of 𝐈𝐬𝐥𝐚𝐦𝐢𝐜 𝐒𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐞. It is what might unveil before you, such some implausible situations that none could ever dream of. After invading 𝐊𝐨𝐜𝐡𝐨, 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐈𝐒𝐈𝐒 rebeller started out to shot their man indiscriminately,  kidnapped the gilrs and Women and sent some of them to 𝐌𝐨𝐬𝐮𝐥 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐲𝐫𝐢𝐚 as Sex Slaves. They were forced to transform into ISLAM from the the religion they already had. If someone turned down what they are forced to do, the terrosists tortured that protestor as punishment. Even, the rules declared by the ISIS was too strict to disobey that if any girl had tried to escape, she would have to suffer the severe consequences, sometimes the punishment was done with gang rape.  

In fine, a few of the kidnapped 𝐘𝐚𝐳𝐢𝐝𝐢 girls managed to flee the ISIS occupied in 𝐌𝐨𝐬𝐮𝐥 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐲𝐫𝐢𝐚. Who couldn't make it right among them, either were tortured or shot instantly. 𝐍𝐚𝐝𝐢𝐚 𝐌𝐮𝐫𝐚𝐝 was one of the thousands Yazidi girl who was fortunate enough to manage her escape to Kurdistan. Later on, It takes more than three years to tack back Kocho as well as Mosul, one of the enormous city in Iraq, from the hands of those terrorists. Instead, it is still a frightening to most of the inhabitants in Kocho. 

 

Life is so normal now in Kocho. The 𝐂𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐡𝐚𝐭𝐞 of the world's most dangerous terrorist is yet to be spilt into witihin times. Perhaps, the victimized 𝐘𝐚𝐳𝐢𝐝𝐢 would be competent finally to rebuild their roards and houses destructed by the militants,  𝐲𝐞𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐢𝐭 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐫 𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐭𝐨 𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐬𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐬𝐞 𝐦𝐞𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐧𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭𝐬 𝐟𝐮𝐥𝐥 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐮𝐢𝐬𝐡, 𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐬𝐥𝐚𝐮𝐠𝐡𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠??

I emphasize the viewer to read it atleast for once. It may be the one which could let u introduce with a different world we are less known about and have hardly figured out. 

It's worth going through!!😊

𝐑𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠𝐬: 𝟒.𝟓/𝟓

Why doesn't China invade Taiwan?

Despite the vast discrepency in size and population even in military capabilities, Taiwan have had a longstanding austerity to combat China without any support from United States.

It raises ample of suspenses why China would look far less like if they show the audacity to invade Taiwan. The factor are not only Taiwan’s millitary are better trained, better motivated and better prepared but they are better privileged and in some environmental, economic an diplomatic issues than the mainland of China.

Fog- one of the most signifacnt factors would be for People's Liberation Army(PLA) to implement their atrack in Taiwan. In Taiwan, foggy weather starts from Feb 15 to June 15. It gets worse in the morning hours of April and May. As of that time, average visibility is estimated 1.2 miles in Spring, 2.4 miles in Winter and 6.2 miles in summer.

The wind and wave conditions would be another obstacle which could let PLA not to pave their way to march into land of Taiwan with an easy approach, because it starts out in early march and gets very low by the end of the month. Furhermore, the current in the straight tends to be stronger in Summer and weak in Winter. Therefore, it looks far less like to win for PLA to fight agianst such environmental barriers. So, to invade Tai Pei, they must accomplish the job within the next two weeks after first strike.

Except this, PLA will have to be prepared to set off their first attack in Taiwan atleast 60 days before. The time is enough for Taiwan's government and military strategists to take their military preparation, set aside their fleets from vulberable bases to better, perceives Chinese Intellegence’s motives, disperese mine in lands and sea and spread out their 2.5 million reservists across the country.

Taiwan has 13 beaches- linked with long underground tunnels, completed with dangerous elements, connected with the main command- are prepared for combating any enemy nation. In addition, the Mobile Artillery and missile systems of Taiwan are unlikely to be less considerable. Even the 2.5 million trained military would make the war situation worse for PLA by setting land-mines around the country. Albeit,Taiwan may have a few fleets in the sea but they might have ship-killing missiles to punch back. 

Apart from this, the US defence experts and war strategist found several reasons- economic and human cost- could be devastating for China . It is anticipated that if China attack Taiwan, they would have to carry away the loss of tens of billion of dollars after the post-war. Whether PLA even succsfully invade Taiwan, it would cost them diplomatic and economic isolation from the whole world. Since the US is poisioning its diplomatic realtions with China, it is inevitable that they will take part with Japan in favor of Taiwan if the hostilities begin.

No doubt here- the Beijing is well known about the consequences of the war against Tai Pei. If they decide to push the green switch and start a war they might learn some significant lessons what washington learnt in the first two decades of 21 century.

What are the effects of US-China trade war to the whole world?

Though, looking forward to the G-20 summit it was expected to see the end of the trade war between U.S. and China. However, it looks more likely that the war on trade between these two countries will not be ended soon rather it would be very long, messy-and expensive for both as well as the global economy.

The costs of that war have not been only paying by these two major economically powerful countries but a big numbers of the countries that involve in trade with either U.S. or China.

In Europe, the direct effects of the US- China trade friction will be felt in sectors with medium to high technological contents like transport equipments, motor vehicles, rubber and plastics, chemical and pharmaceuticals.

The indirect effects in Europe could be more detrimental, not least because it is increasingly dependent on trade, not like China, but much more dependent than the US.

The tariffs that the U.S. and China have started covering a wide range of products, with most focused on manufacturing sector (see below). This time the U.S. extended tariffs to consumer products, so households will suffer higher prices and have already been suffering at the malls, markets, and the U.S. farmer- the poster child when it comes to trade war- will take yet another blow to his bottom line.

Countries’ output exposed to China’s exports to the U.S. and to U.S. exports to China. Analyst shows the worst blows from a drop in China’s exports to the U.S. would fall on Taiwan, South Korea and Malaysia—all embedded in Asia’s export supply chain. About 1.6% of Taiwan’s output is tied up in China’s exports to the U.S, with computers and electronics accounting for the largest share. For South Korea and Malaysia, those numbers are 0.8% and 0.7%, with the same industries in the crosshairs.

Bloomberg economist Dan Hanson and Tom Orlik have mapped out the main scenarios of the consequences of the trade war that would hurt global economy. “If tariffs expand to cover all the bilateral goods, and market slumls in response, global GDP will take a $600 billion. hit in 2021, the year of peak impact.

Graph: GDP of the world economy has fallen down due to the trade war continue to increase.

Plugging in 25% tariffs on all bilateral trade the model shows output declines of 0.8%, 0.5%, 0.5% for China, the US and the world respectively in mid 2021.

Trump also called on American companies to stop investing or manufacturing products in China, including relocating operations back to the U.S. “We don’t need China and, frankly, would be far better off without them.”

The president’s latest attacks alarmed the nation’s largest business group.

The U.S. Chamber of Commerce reiterated its long-standing concerns about China’s unfair trade practices,” but it called the U.S.-China trade relationship “for the most part productive” and urged the White House to tamp down the tensions that have been going to be more detrimental to not only the U.S. and China, the whole world economy as well

With the benefit of hindsight, should Anerica have invaded Iraq in 2003?

No, That is clearly not. As it was obvious that engaging in war with Iraq for both US and UK was a detrimental mistake that had never happened before.

➡CAUSES:

Sixteen years ago, a United States-led ‘Coalition of the Willing’ invaded Iraq on the basis of 9/11 attack, misinformation from the top intellegence agencies like CIA,MI5 etc. Toppling the Ba’athist regime of Saddam Hussein who was accused of storing “weapons of mass destruction” that could create causalities like 9/11.

Analyst found many reasons behind the war hppened. As Bush's and Blair's administrations were used to accuse Saddam Hussein having Chemical and Biological weapons that could cause serious detrimental consequences to the Whole world.

Another causes were also invalid if it comes to invade a country with changing it's regime. World used to believe US and UK caused that powerful Coalition war focusing on the Oil of Iraq.

First time, when former president J. Bush officially declared war against Iraq, many civilians took to the streets of New york, Washington to balk the decision but when they were convinced to believe that Saddam would have Biological and Chemical weapons, then the protests balks were started to be melted.

Finally, Supports from US, Uk civilian to invade Iraq were not surprisingly remarkable. In march, 2003, when it came to war supports, the opinions from Americans was 76% (although that was a good figure) where UK got 54% supports from the high table.

▶COST & CONSEQUENCES : War ends always with unimaginable costs and consequences. No countries get the expected gains by provocating itself towars war.

1. Iraqis have paid a staggering human cost for Operation Iraqi Freedom, a reality perhaps foreshadowed by the infamous remark by retired United States General Tommy Franks, “We don’t do body counts.” A conservative, independent assessment by Iraq Body Count estimates that between 180,807 and 202,757 civilian deaths from violence have occurred since 2003. By 2006, however, the medical journal Lancet had already stablized fatalities at more than 600,000, with subsequent studies validating and expanding this number to well over one million.
2. Humanitarian Crisis was at the pick of that time. Children were suffered from a lot of diseases. They were also reported to be suffring from psychological problems.
3. Human rights had been abused on all sides of the war. Approximately, 6000 prisoners with uncounted civilian were tortured in the Abu Ghraib cell that was operated by US ARMY personnels.
4. As Iraq war has been addressing as “War on terror” based on 9/11, however it had finally proved as wrong and misleading statement and surprisingly, This war caused the powerful terrorist group like ISIS.
5. Targetting industrial and millitary sites such as arnaments factories and oil refineries are likely to lead to acute chemical pollution. US-UK Coalition troops jointly focused on that sites and aftermat, they made it bad to worse.
6. Costs for Iraq war were damaging all the engaging countries either by a small or big bites. Estimation of the costs of the US discosed that the ultimate cost was nearly $ 2.4 trillion. In contrast, the cost of the UK was $ 8.4 billion.

While the Iraq War has done little to fuel the profits of American and British oil companies, it has fuelled the conspiracy that Bush and Blair told lies, and hundreds of thousands died, in a vulture capitalist venture. This interpretation of events, which still enjoys widespread currency, has polluted public discourse and damaging our democracies. Defenders and detractors of the 2003 decision alike should acknowledge that the “blood for oil” narrative is a selective and speculative account.

And that should never be happened.

Does the Amazon rainforest really produce 20% of world's oxygen?

No, It's a misunderstanding statement, although it's been narrating by many high officials, celebrities, netizens in newspapers, media, internet as well.

Actually, Oxygen is produced by the photosynthesis process that refers, the amalgamation of Carbon dyoxide and Water causes Oxygen in the atmosphere.

6CO2 + 6H2O —> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Many could think of it as the cardinal source of Oxygen what we seekly need is produced by Amazon, but that is not the way alike our thought which corroborates 20% of Oxygen could really be originated in Amazon's epicentre. Many high classed ecologists used to say only 6% of Oxygen is caused in Amazon rainforest.

Acording to the equation drawn avobe could be illustrated like, although photosynthesis could be the process of producing Oxygen but that little amount wouldn’t be sufficient for the massive number of world population, even nearly all the Oxygens originated in, are consumed by the ecolocial chains(Insectes, Microbes) that cause the reduction of Oxygen in the atmosphere.

Then, what is the cardinal source that supplies the extra Oxygen?? It's Ocean.

If there were no longer Amazon on the earth, then only less then 1% of World’s Oxygen would be counsumed or we wouldn't have to face any shortage of Oxygen to survive. It’s surprisingly true that Oceans are enough to supply sufficient amount of Oxygen for million of years.

Although, Amazon rainforest doesn't produce 20% of World’s Oxygen, however we have to be enough concerned of that recent fire incidents in the Amazon rainforest. Because Tropical forests like Amazon harbor many species, plants found nowhere, besides, it can cause higher temperature in the atmosphere , intensification of CO2 emission.

So, In conclusion, we are able to perceive easily that Amazon is not producing that 20% of World’s Oxygen for why we can mention it as “lung of the world” but it's still a great source of 6% of Oxygen, home of 10% of species, benefactor of the environment in which we belong to.

How do you know if someone is mature or not?

There are 12 must have signs by which you could identify people whether they are matured.

1. Matured people never excuse rather they accept their shortcomings and take responsibility to overcome them by their own.
2. Matured people go to restaurents or shoppings for hanging out, purchasing their needs but not to take selfies to post in social media.
3. Matured persons always listen to someone in order to understand, not to reply them.
4. Matured people never try to change people instead focus on changing themselves.
5. Matured folks perceive that everyone is right in their own aspects.
6. Matured persons are able to walk away from the people and situations that make them feel inferior, demean their self-worth, morals.
7. Matured people are usually taciturn, they use their words wisely when it is needed to be.
8. Matured persons prefer natural elements rather some material things to find their happiness.
9. Matured people learn to Let go, accept whatever the situation is and move on.
10. Matured people priorities their own family over everything around them.
11. Matured people never compare themselves with others.

1. Matured people accept people who they are.

Do you think the mind and the brain are the same thing?

No, Its not like that. Well, If you want, you would presumably be sure by your own with a little experiment. Use your right index finger, point to your mind. Did you get your mind there? No is the answer, right? Now you get to it thoroughly why brain and mind are not the same thing.

Lets try another example; we know, hardware is a function of computer and it needs software to run the computer. Right? Here we go, Brain$Brain$ is like a hardware and a powerful organ of our body which is basically tangable and a physical place where mind resides. Whereas, Mind$Mind$ can be compared with software is indeed unseeing, intangible.

Human Brain

The mind is the manifestation of thought, belief, perception, logic, emotion, determination, memory and imagination that inhabit in the brain.

The mind, after all, is generally regarded as synonymous with our thoughts, feelings, memories, and beliefs, and as the source of our behaviors. It’s not made of material, but we think of it as quite powerful, or even as who we are.

Brain sends signals to the mind that leads us to solve complex logical problems which differentiate us from other living beings. We can even talk to our mind called mind talk. Mind allow us to think, perceive something, clarify what we know to others.

One case for mind talk is that we have access to our mind. We can recognize and describe what we know, remember, and think.

So, there are something which lucidly differentiate brain from mind. As we see, brain is just a physical place of mind can't even controls our activity with others but mind does. The mind is a very powerful intangible organ which is not interconnected only with the brain but also our whole body.

The top 5 best decisions I have ever made.

I have rarely complied with the experiences I got in my life. But some of them are suitable to be differentiated and change my life dramatically.

1. Stop complaining and make it right what's gone wrong.
2. Focus, focus, focus on anything I decide to do.
3. Start giving priorities my own family over anything around me.
4. Decided to control my emotions what make you turn back.
5. Making circumstances with best buddies by whom I am intensed, couraged and motivated.